Within the midst of a punishing drought and a large drop in diamond income, as much as 1 million eligible voters in Botswana are heading to the polls in a tense basic election on Wednesday.
Africa’s longest-serving democracy is taken into account one of many continent’s most secure international locations, having peacefully transitioned energy in all elections since independence from Britain within the Nineteen Sixties. Nevertheless, there are fears this time that there could be post-election violence.
“There are tensions within the nation as a result of shifting political panorama,” election observer Tendai Mbanje of the African Centre for Governance Election Remark advised Al Jazeera. “In contrast to up to now, there may be elevated political competitors.”
The landlocked southern African nation runs an oblique election system: Voters will elect parliament members. The top of the governing occasion on the finish of the vote depend is then appointed as president for the subsequent 5 years.
Blessed with treasured stones and the world’s second-largest diamond reserves after Russia, Botswana has plentiful pure wealth. It additionally boasts the world’s largest elephant inhabitants.
Though barely bigger in measurement than France, Botswana’s inhabitants is lower than 4 % of France’s. There are solely 2.5 million individuals unfold sparsely throughout the nation which has the Kalahari Desert protecting a lot of its territory.
Nonetheless, Botswana is influential within the area. Gaborone, the capital, hosts the headquarters of the regional financial bloc – the Southern African Growth Fee (SADC). At this 12 months’s Paris Olympics in June, athlete Letsile Tebogo additionally grew to become the 200-metre males’s champion, additional stamping Botswana as a pressure on the worldwide stage.
The nation is a secular state, though most individuals are Christian. English and Setswana, spoken by the bulk Tswana group, are the official languages. An individual from Botswana is a Motswana, whereas the individuals of Botswana are collectively known as Batswana.
Right here’s what to know concerning the October 30 polls:
How does voting work?
Voters will elect 61 members of the Nationwide Meeting and 609 native council seats within the 16 native authorities throughout the nation.
Legislators are elected by means of a first-past-the-vote or preferential system.
In flip, the political occasion with essentially the most seats will elect the president.
Botswana is a multi-party state, however the governing Botswana Democratic Social gathering (BDP) has dominated the polls since 1969. The occasion secured 38 of 57 seats within the 2019 basic election and is about to brush the polls once more come Wednesday.
Who’s operating?
President Mokgweetsi Masisi
Representing the BDP, 63-year-old Masisi is taking yet another, closing, swing on the presidency. He’s the favorite to win due to his incumbency and the BDP’s 58 years of dominance. The occasion is more and more weakening from inner frictions however it nonetheless has a powerful help base within the rural inhabitants and the Tswana-majority ethnic group.
Masisi was vp to former President Ian Khama who, upon the expiration of his time period, handpicked Masisi in 2018. Nevertheless, the 2 politicians fell out as soon as Masisi took workplace, resulting in Khama exiting the occasion alongside together with his loyalists. Khama accused Masisi of betrayal for undoing his insurance policies, together with lifting a ban on trophy and elephant searching within the nation in addition to decriminalising homosexuality.
Masisi ran as president within the 2019 election and received. His time period has been shadowed by his tussle with Khama, which is fracturing the BDP internally as factions emerge. A world downturn within the worth of diamonds in recent times has additionally mirrored badly on the president, with many blaming him for rising inflation and unemployment at residence.
Internationally, Masisi has ruffled feathers for his stance on elephant searching. In April, he threatened to ship 20,000 elephants to Germany after the European nation tried to ban trophy imports. Nevertheless, the president received reward at residence final July after re-negotiating a long-term settlement with mining firm De Beers to extend by one hundred pc the shares of the tough diamonds Botswana will get from their joint partnership.
Though the nation has at all times loved peaceable elections, struggles inside the BDP and growing anger in opposition to President Masisi’s financial insurance policies are inflicting concern amongst Batswana about attainable post-election tensions.
Duma Boko
The 54-year-old lawyer leads a coalition of opposition events below the banner of the Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC).
The UDC coalition considerably challenged the BDP in 2019 to return second with 15 seats.
Boko stays the most important menace to Masisi now, as a normally weak Botswana opposition turns into more and more in style, main some native analysts to invest that the consequence could be too near name, though many disagree.
Boko’s UDC is promising extra profitable jobs to younger individuals and has tried to woo voters with the promise of presidency stipends.
Dumelang Saleshando
Saleshando, 53, is the chief of the Botswana Congress Social gathering (BCP), one other of the principle opposition events.
The BCP has received between 10-20 % of the vote in earlier elections.
The occasion has promised to “save Botswana” and dedicated to providing a median month-to-month dwelling wage of 4,000 pula ($299) by 2029, up from the present 1,500 pula ($112).
Mephato Reatile
Reatile is the chief of the Botswana Patriotic Entrance, one of many latest events with solely 4 members in parliament. The occasion was fashioned by followers of ex-President Khama after his exit from the BDP.
Khama returned from a three-year self-imposed exile to South Africa this September to again the occasion, within the hopes of eradicating the BDP and his rival, Masisi, elevating the degrees of rigidity across the election.
The previous chief additionally appeared in courtroom on prices of unlawful gun possession and cash laundering upon his return, sparking extra controversy.
Analysts, nonetheless, say that the fears of attainable violence being reported in native media are exaggerated. “The elections can be a good contest however there are not any expectations of a violent election,” election observer Mbanje stated.
What are the important thing points?
Diamond shocks on the financial system
Botswana quickly rose from being a low-income to a middle-income nation within the Seventies, because of diamond gross sales, which make up 80 % of exports. Its gross home product (GDP) per capita is pegged at $7,250, one of many highest on the continent. Compared, The Gambia, with the same inhabitants, has a per capita GDP of $800.
Nevertheless, extra nuanced financial indicators inform one other aspect of the story. An absence of diversification from diamonds, which it exports within the uncooked, unprocessed type, has caught the financial system on the again foot amid a world fall in diamond costs in recent times. The worth crash is attributable to a extra intense demand for less expensive artificial or lab-grown diamonds that are edging out demand for the true stuff in key markets like China and america.
Debswana, the corporate collectively owned by Botswana and mining agency De Beers, noticed gross sales plunge by 47 % within the first half of 2024. There are fears of mass retrenchment in mining provide chains, and inflation is now hitting Batswana exhausting.
Unemployment and inequality
Unemployment stays vital at 27 % regardless of Botswana’s wealth.
The nation, like its Southern African counterparts, additionally stays one of many extra unequal societies, with huge gaps between the wealthy and poor.
These inequalities date again to colonial-era possession of cattle which made some components of society a lot richer. Successive governments have additionally failed to separate the income from diamonds extra evenly among the many inhabitants.
Drought and conservation
Local weather-change-induced increased temperatures imply Botswana is more and more experiencing extreme droughts that have an effect on meals manufacturing and water provide, This, in flip, threatens livelihoods and has pushed greater than 10 % of the inhabitants into continual meals insecurity, in response to the United Nations aid company, OCHA.
Crop yields are declining, with cereal manufacturing within the 2022-2023 season reaching simply 23 % of the nationwide requirement amid the erratic rainfall season. In July 2023, Botswana declared a state of emergency attributable to drought.
That can be pressuring the nation’s plentiful animals. President Masisi is vocal on the nation’s have to dump elephants for income and permit for his or her searching, to scale back their numbers and thus, feeding pressures, however it is a controversial stance that has earned him condemnation from worldwide animal conservation teams.
Democratic positive aspects and structure evaluation
Lots of Masisi’s detractors accuse him of stifling dissent and undoing democratically handed legal guidelines, such because the trophy searching ban. Nevertheless, analysts level out that below Masisi’s authorities, Botswana has maintained a secure democracy.
“The accusations of dictatorship from detractors are a results of frustration of the pending constitutional evaluation course of that Masisi’s authorities is seen to haven’t delivered,” Mbanje stated, referring to a three-year-long structure modification course of that was accepted this 12 months however has not taken full impact.
The brand new laws are set to bar retired presidents from holding different excessive positions, stop dual-country residents from election to parliament, change the composition of the nation’s judicial companies company and tighten protections for the LGBTQ neighborhood.
