The result’s an intelligence-sharing partnership of uncommon quantity, even for 2 nations which have traditionally labored collectively on areas of mutual concern, together with counterterrorism and stopping Iran from constructing a nuclear weapon.
In interviews, Israeli officers stated they have been grateful for the U.S. help, which in some circumstances has given the Israelis distinctive capabilities they lacked earlier than Hamas’s shock cross-border assaults. However in addition they have been defensive about their very own spying prowess, insisting that the USA was, for essentially the most half, not giving them something they couldn’t get hold of themselves. That place could be onerous to sq. with the apparent failures of the Israeli intelligence equipment to detect and reply to the warning indicators of Hamas’s planning.
The U.S.-Israel partnership is, at instances, tense. Some U.S. officers have been pissed off by Israel’s demand for extra intelligence, which they stated is insatiable and infrequently depends on flawed assumptions that the USA could be holding again some data.
In a briefing with reporters on the White Home final month, nationwide safety adviser Jake Sullivan stated Washington “has supplied an intense vary of property and capabilities and experience.” Responding to a Might 11 Washington Put up report, Sullivan stated that the intelligence is “not tied or conditioned on the rest. It isn’t restricted. We aren’t holding something again. We’re offering each asset, each instrument, each functionality,” Sullivan stated.
Different officers, together with lawmakers on Capitol Hill, fear that intelligence the USA supplies may very well be making its manner into the repositories of knowledge that Israeli navy forces use to conduct airstrikes or different navy operations, and that Washington has no efficient technique of monitoring how Israel makes use of the U.S. data.
The Biden administration has forbidden Israel from utilizing any U.S.-supplied intelligence to focus on common Hamas fighters in navy operations. The intelligence is barely for use for finding the hostages, eight of whom have U.S. citizenship, in addition to the highest management of Hamas — together with Yehiya Sinwar, the alleged architect of the Oct. 7 assaults, and Mohammed Deif, the commander of Hamas’s navy wing. The State Division in 2015 designated each males as terrorists. Three of the eight U.S. hostages have been confirmed lifeless, and their our bodies are nonetheless being held in Gaza, based on Israeli officers.
This text is predicated on interviews with greater than a dozen present and former U.S. and Israeli officers in Washington, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Most of them spoke on the situation of anonymity to debate delicate intelligence operations.
The USA supplied a few of the intelligence used to find and ultimately rescue 4 Israeli hostages final week, The Put up has reported. The knowledge, which included overhead imagery, seems to have been secondary to what Israel collected by itself forward of the operation, which resulted within the deaths of greater than 270 Palestinians, based on Gaza well being officers, making it one of many deadliest single occasions within the eight-month-old warfare.
Earlier than the Oct. 7 assaults, the U.S. intelligence group didn’t take into account Hamas a precedence goal, present and former officers stated. That modified nearly instantly following the group’s assaults on Israel, which killed greater than 1,200 civilians and troopers and netted upward of 250 hostages.
Personnel from the U.S. navy’s Joint Particular Operations Command (JSOC) started working alongside CIA officers within the company’s station in Israel, based on U.S. officers. And personnel from the Protection Intelligence Company started assembly with their counterparts within the nation “every day,” one U.S. official stated.
The State Division additionally despatched a particular hostage envoy who met publicly with Israel’s lead official overseeing hostage rescue efforts. FBI brokers are also working in Israel to analyze Hamas assaults on U.S. residents and aiding in hostage restoration efforts.
Within the first weeks of the warfare, Israeli officers in control of finding the hostages within the densely populated Gaza Strip requested particular data from the USA to assist bridge gaps in what they knew from their very own sources, present and former U.S. and Israeli officers stated. This included particular items of knowledge, in addition to applied sciences and experience for analyzing giant volumes of images and overlaying completely different photos to create extra detailed footage, together with in three dimensions, of the terrain in Gaza.
They supplied some “capabilities to us that we by no means had earlier than Oct. 7,” stated one senior Israeli official, who declined to supply particulars. However a second senior Israeli official indicated that the USA has supplied extremely detailed satellite tv for pc imagery that Israel lacks.
Sullivan, the White Home nationwide safety adviser, confused that U.S. forces didn’t take part within the mission to rescue the 4 hostages. “There have been no U.S. forces, no U.S. boots on the bottom concerned on this operation. We didn’t take part militarily on this operation,” Sullivan advised CNN’s “State of the Union” on Sunday. He famous that “we have now usually supplied assist to the [Israel Defense Forces] in order that we will attempt to get all the hostages house, together with the American hostages who’re nonetheless being held.”
Along with intelligence, that assist has consisted of members of JSOC, the elite Particular Operations pressure which has deep expertise in hostage rescues. Members of the group have been working in Israel, in partnership with U.S. intelligence officers, since shortly after the warfare started, U.S. officers stated.
In October, JSOC forces within the area have been ready to deploy in Gaza to rescue U.S. residents that Hamas was holding, stated present and former U.S. officers conversant in planning for what would have been an exceptionally harmful mission.
“If we managed to unilaterally get data that we might act on, and we thought we might really get U.S. folks out alive, we might act, however there was genuinely little or no data particularly about U.S. hostages,” one official stated.
The small print of the rescue operation, which was ready by members of JSOC primarily based in Cyprus, have been beforehand reported by journalist Jack Murphy on his Substack, “The Excessive Facet.”
Final week’s profitable hostage rescue relied on exact details about the captives’ location. That stage of “actionable” intelligence is one thing Israel has lacked for years in Gaza, owing to an overreliance on expertise and a failure to construct a community of human spies on the bottom. The paucity of human intelligence, partially, was accountable for Israel’s failure to detect and perceive Hamas’s planning for the Oct. 7 assaults, present and former officers within the nation stated.
Latest efforts to find the hostages have underscored the significance of human intelligence. In Might, Israeli forces recovered the stays of some hostages after the interrogation of a Hamas fighter, who pointed troopers to their location, Israeli officers stated. Interrogations of prisoners captured for the reason that warfare started have change into an vital element of the general intelligence image, officers stated.
Israeli intelligence analysts even have discovered helpful items of intelligence among the many servers, computer systems, cellphones, notebooks and different paperwork recovered from Hamas hideouts or command posts, officers stated. U.S. analysts have helped mine these sources for clues about hostage whereabouts, they famous. One senior Israeli official stated that the fusion of knowledge obtained from digital and bodily information with different sources of intelligence has helped Israel find hostages throughout two rescue operations that preceded the one final week.
Earlier than the Oct. 7 assaults, Israel blanketed Gaza in digital surveillance, in some circumstances monitoring Hamas members by way of their telephones. “We have been up on each bathroom in Gaza. In the event you have been sleeping together with your spouse, we heard you,” stated a former senior Israeli intelligence official.
However the intelligence equipment additionally turned overly reliant on expertise to gather intelligence, whereas evaluation atrophied, present and former Israeli officers stated. Traditionally, the position of the navy’s much-celebrated Unit 8200 was to gather data and share it with different parts of the Israeli intelligence group, one present and one former member stated. Specialists with the unit added their very own evaluation and viewpoint. The previous member stated he frequently interacted along with his colleagues from Mossad and Shin Wager, respectively accountable for intelligence and state safety.
“This has modified lately,” stated the previous member, who served in a senior management place. Unit 8200 used to make selections on who acquired which piece of knowledge. Now, he stated, it has made a precedence of creating new expertise and contributing its intelligence haul to what’s often called “the pool,” a repository from which different intelligence parts can take data.
Different present and former officers echoed this critique, saying that Israel’s digital spies forgot how you can do fundamental intelligence features. The group was awash in knowledge, however missing in evaluation of it. “The system turned spoiled,” the previous member stated.
In an announcement, a spokesperson for the IDF known as these criticisms “false” and stated they “hurt the warfare effort of service members, who’ve been working for the previous [eight] months, in each close to and much arenas, to help the forces on the bottom, within the air and at sea, and to guard the folks of Israel.”
Compounding the issue, Israeli officers had locked onto a “conceptzia,” or basic conception that Hamas was extra fascinated about getting wealthy and ruling Gaza than attacking Israel. The time period — coined after the disastrous intelligence failure to anticipate the shock 1973 Yom Kippur Struggle — has change into a shorthand in Israeli safety circles for the strategic failure to acknowledge the true nature of the menace Hamas posed. Officers ignored what, in hindsight, seem to be apparent warning indicators, together with navy coaching maneuvers by Hamas fighters that senior leaders dismissed as a result of they didn’t comport to the overarching concept concerning the group’s intentions.
“We thought Hamas wouldn’t dare assault,” a former senior intelligence official stated. The Oct. 7 assaults have shattered that concept and made Hamas a high precedence for Israel, in addition to its companions in the USA.
Any intelligence the USA supplies, or provides Israel direct entry to, is barely for use for hostage-location efforts and monitoring down Hamas management, U.S. and Israeli officers stated. Israel is prohibited from utilizing any U.S. data for concentrating on common Hamas members in any navy operations, together with airstrikes.
The foundations for a way the intelligence is supplied and used are spelled out in long-standing formal preparations which might be scrutinized by attorneys within the U.S. intelligence group, in addition to new directives from the White Home following the Oct. 7 assaults.
However virtually talking, Israel is on its honor to not use U.S.-supplied intelligence for proscribed functions, present and former U.S. officers conversant in the intelligence-sharing relationship stated. Rep. Jason Crow (D-Colo.), a member of the Home Intelligence Committee, has questioned how administration officers can make certain that Israel isn’t utilizing the intelligence it receives as a part of its navy marketing campaign towards Hamas, which has resulted in tens of hundreds of civilian casualties.
Crow, an Military fight veteran, co-authored laws enacted final yr requiring the director of nationwide intelligence to inform Congress if intelligence that the USA gave one other nation leads to civilian casualties.
“Prime Minister [Benjamin] Netanyahu is pursuing a failed technique in Gaza. The horrible civilian toll, famine, and lack of a coherent technique are deeply regarding,” Crow stated in an announcement to The Put up. “I’ll proceed to conduct sturdy oversight to make sure intelligence sharing is in keeping with U.S. pursuits.”
Some officers famous that the knowledge regarding potential hostage areas might even have a twin function: Hostages might be surrounded by Hamas fighters, who’re guarding them and utilizing them as human shields. Some officers fear that the USA doesn’t have ample oversight to make sure that Israel isn’t utilizing hostage intelligence as de facto concentrating on data for these lower-level Hamas members.
Israeli businesses “are very cautious to not use what the U.S. provides them operationally if that’s not allowed,” stated one serving member of Unit 8200, the alerts intelligence group. “Intelligence sharing with the USA is excellent. There are direct relationships on the working stage, and it’s vital to protect them.”
Harris reported from Washington, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Missy Ryan and Ellen Nakashima in Washington contributed to this report.
